Lake Sakakawea, McLean County, North Dakota
Lake Sakakawea, named after the Shoshone-Hidatsa woman who accompanied the Lewis and Clark Expedition, is a vast reservoir in North Dakota, United States. Formed by the impoundment of the Missouri River by Garrison Dam, it stands as one of the largest man-made lakes in the United States, both in area and volume.
Geography and Hydrology
Located at coordinates 47.50°N 101.41°W, Lake Sakakawea stretches for 178 miles and encompasses a surface area of 307,000 acres. The lake’s maximum depth reaches 180 feet near the dam. It spans across several North Dakota counties, including Dunn, McKenzie, McLean, Mercer, Mountrail, and Williams. The lake’s width varies, averaging 2–3 miles, with a maximum width of 14 miles at Van Hook Arm.
History
Lake Sakakawea’s creation is linked to the construction of Garrison Dam, a key component of the Pick–Sloan Missouri Basin Program, aimed at flood control, hydroelectric power generation, navigation, and irrigation. Completed in 1956, the dam transformed the landscape, submerging the original settlements of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation and leading to the formation of new communities.
Displacement of Native Communities
The reservoir’s formation led to the displacement of residents from villages like Van Hook and (Old) Sanish. They founded new settlements including New Town, White Shield, and Mandaree. Despite some areas of Van Hook never being submerged, residents were forced to evacuate due to poor planning by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Today, Van Hook thrives as a recreational area.
Recreation
Lake Sakakawea serves as a regional hub for outdoor activities. It is encircled by numerous public recreation areas, parks, and wildlife management zones, overseen by various agencies. The lake is a popular destination for fishing, camping, boating, hiking, and other water-based recreational activities. Lake Sakakawea State Park, adjacent to Garrison Dam, is a noteworthy attraction, hosting the western terminus of the North Country National Scenic Trail.
Environmental Importance
The lake marks the maximum southwest extent of glaciation during the ice age. It receives water from significant rivers like the Little Missouri, Milk, and Yellowstone, in addition to the Missouri River. The lake plays a crucial role in the region’s ecology and is an essential component of the Missouri River basin.
Topography and Wildlife
The lake’s diverse topography includes areas with varying depths and shorelines, providing habitats for a wide array of wildlife. Its vast expanse and the surrounding natural areas make it a vital ecological zone, supporting numerous species of fish, birds, and other wildlife.
Cultural Significance
Lake Sakakawea is not just a geographical landmark but also a cultural symbol. It reflects the history and challenges faced by the Native American communities in the region. The lake is a reminder of the significant changes brought about by human intervention in natural landscapes.
Modern Developments
The lake’s surrounding areas have developed into bustling communities, blending the natural beauty of the lake with modern recreational facilities. The region continues to attract visitors and nature enthusiasts, contributing to the local economy and the state’s tourism sector.